Changes in monthly streamflow in the Hindukush–Karakoram–Himalaya Region of Pakistan using innovative polygon trend analysis

The present study explored the changes in monthly streamflow Hindukush–Karakoram–Himalaya (HKH) region within Pakistan using recently developed trend analysis method known as innovative polygon (IPTA). data of 34 gauging stations installed HKH was analyzed, and Pettitt test applied to check homogeneity time series. entire area divided into 13 sub-basins, then each sub-basin were IPTA method. high elevated glaciated snow/ice-covered sub-basins (e.g., Shyok, Astore, Chitral) have increased flow months (June–August), where there is a downward for Hunza these months. In Gilgit sub-basin, transition occurred from no May decreasing June August. upstream gauges Swat Kabul showed an increasing throughout year, while downstream same exhibited strong only (June–August). upper reaches Indus part Upper Basin (UIB) trends however UIB year. Overall, experienced trends, most other faced low (October–March). enhancement seasonal pattern possibly due melting snow ice that potentially influence floods hydropower generation. results this can result better understanding hydrology support sustainable water management.